The Sun

Quick Facts About the Sun:

- The sun accounts for roughly 99.8 percent of the entire mass of our solar system with a weight of 1.9885×1030 kg or 333,000 Earth's.

- The sun has a radius of 695,508 kilometers (432,168.6 miles).

- The Sun is 150 million kilometers 93 million miles from earth.

- The Sun's mass consists roughly of 70.6% hydrogen, 27.4% helium, 1% oxygen, 0.3% carbon, 0.2% neon and 0.2% iron.

- The sun is about 5,500 degrees Celsius (10,000 Fahrenheit) where we can visibly see it and about 15 000000 degrees Celsius (27 000000 Fahrenheit) at its core.

- The sun is 1AU(1.496×10⁸ km) from earth and it takes 8 min and 19s for light to travel that distance.

The Sun has six regions: The interior consists of the core, the radiative zone, and the convective zone. While the visible surface consists of the photosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona.

The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions in its core, radiating the energy mainly as visible light and infrared radiation. It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth. Its diameter is about 1.39 million kilometres (864,000 miles), or 109 times that of Earth. Its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth; it accounts for about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System. Roughly three quarters of the Sun's mass consists of hydrogen (~73%); the rest is mostly helium (~25%), with much smaller quantities of heavier elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon and iron.

The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star (G2V) based on its spectral class. As such, it is informally and not completely accurately referred to as a yellow dwarf (its light is closer to white than yellow). It formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a region of a large molecular cloud. Most of this matter gathered in the center, whereas the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that became the Solar System. The central mass became so hot and dense that it eventually initiated nuclear fusion in its core. It is thought that almost all stars form by this process.

The Sun's core fuses about 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second, converting 4 million tons of matter into energy every second as a result. This energy, which can take between 10,000 and 170,000 years to escape the core, is the source of the Sun's light and heat. When hydrogen fusion in its core has diminished to the point at which the Sun is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium, its core will undergo a marked increase in density and temperature while its outer layers expand, eventually transforming the Sun into a red giant. It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus, and render Earth uninhabitable – but not for about five billion years. After this, it will shed its outer layers and become a dense type of cooling star known as a white dwarf, and no longer produce energy by fusion, but still glow and give off heat from its previous fusion.

The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times. The Sun was thought of by some cultures as a deity. The synodic rotation of Earth and its orbit around the Sun are the basis of solar calendars, one of which is the Gregorian calendar, the predominant calendar in use today.

How it works:

Nuclear fusion reactions take place within the suns core where it generates its energy by fusing hydrogen into helium. The energy produced then takes between 10 000 and 170 000 years to escape to the surface of the sun.

Credit/References and for further info please see:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/sun/in-depth/